Let’s define some vectors which can be used for demonstrations:
manyNumbers <- sample( 1:1000, 20 )
manyNumbers
[1] 129 581 624 717 808 600 254 319 135 295 157 77 147 942 233 87 182 900 955 194
manyNumbersWithNA <- sample( c( NA, NA, NA, manyNumbers ) )
manyNumbersWithNA
[1] 194 157 942 581 129 624 NA NA 900 808 77 233 182 254 147 NA 295 87 600 135 717 319 955
duplicatedNumbers <- sample( 1:5, 10, replace = TRUE )
duplicatedNumbers
[1] 3 2 3 3 3 4 2 3 3 2
letters
[1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j" "k" "l" "m" "n" "o" "p" "q" "r" "s" "t" "u" "v" "w" "x" "y" "z"
LETTERS
[1] "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F" "G" "H" "I" "J" "K" "L" "M" "N" "O" "P" "Q" "R" "S" "T" "U" "V" "W" "X" "Y" "Z"
mixedLetters <- c( sample( letters, 5 ), sample( LETTERS, 5 ) )
mixedLetters
[1] "e" "x" "y" "o" "z" "U" "Y" "S" "O" "B"
manyNumbersWithNA instead of manyNumbers.all( manyNumbers <= 1000 )
[1] TRUE
all( manyNumbers <= 500 )
[1] FALSE
any( manyNumbers > 1000 )
[1] FALSE
any( manyNumbers > 500 )
[1] TRUE
all( !is.na( manyNumbers ) )
[1] TRUE
any( is.na( manyNumbers ) )
[1] FALSE
Input: logical vector Output: vector of numbers (positions)
which( manyNumbers > 900 )
[1] 14 19
which( manyNumbersWithNA > 900 )
[1] 3 23
which( is.na( manyNumbersWithNA ) )
[1] 7 8 16
manyNumbers[ manyNumbers > 900 ] # indexing by logical vector
[1] 942 955
manyNumbers[ which( manyNumbers > 900 ) ] # indexing by positions
[1] 942 955
somePositions <- which( manyNumbers > 900 )
manyNumbers[ somePositions ]
[1] 942 955
"A" %in% LETTERS
[1] TRUE
c( "X", "Y", "Z" ) %in% LETTERS
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE
all( c( "X", "Y", "Z" ) %in% LETTERS )
[1] TRUE
all( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS )
[1] FALSE
any( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS )
[1] TRUE
mixedLetters[ mixedLetters %in% LETTERS ]
[1] "U" "Y" "S" "O" "B"
mixedLetters[ !( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS ) ]
[1] "e" "x" "y" "o" "z"
manyNumbers %in% 300:600
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
which( manyNumbers %in% 300:600 )
[1] 2 6 8
sum( manyNumbers %in% 300:600 )
[1] 3
NAsif_else( manyNumbersWithNA >= 500, "large", "small" )
[1] "small" "small" "large" "large" "small" "large" NA NA "large" "large" "small" "small" "small" "small" "small"
[16] NA "small" "small" "large" "small" "large" "small" "large"
if_else( manyNumbersWithNA >= 500, "large", "small", "UNKNOWN" )
[1] "small" "small" "large" "large" "small" "large" "UNKNOWN" "UNKNOWN" "large" "large" "small" "small"
[13] "small" "small" "small" "UNKNOWN" "small" "small" "large" "small" "large" "small" "large"
# here integer 0L is needed instead of real 0.0
# manyNumbersWithNA contains integer numbers and the method complains
if_else( manyNumbersWithNA >= 500, manyNumbersWithNA, 0L )
[1] 0 0 942 581 0 624 NA NA 900 808 0 0 0 0 0 NA 0 0 600 0 717 0 955
unique( duplicatedNumbers )
[1] 3 2 4
unique( c( NA, duplicatedNumbers, NA ) )
[1] NA 3 2 4
duplicated( duplicatedNumbers )
[1] FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
which.max( manyNumbersWithNA )
[1] 23
manyNumbersWithNA[ which.max( manyNumbersWithNA ) ]
[1] 955
which.min( manyNumbersWithNA )
[1] 11
manyNumbersWithNA[ which.min( manyNumbersWithNA ) ]
[1] 77
range( manyNumbersWithNA, na.rm = TRUE )
[1] 77 955
manyNumbersWithNA
[1] 194 157 942 581 129 624 NA NA 900 808 77 233 182 254 147 NA 295 87 600 135 717 319 955
sort( manyNumbersWithNA )
[1] 77 87 129 135 147 157 182 194 233 254 295 319 581 600 624 717 808 900 942 955
sort( manyNumbersWithNA, na.last = TRUE )
[1] 77 87 129 135 147 157 182 194 233 254 295 319 581 600 624 717 808 900 942 955 NA NA NA
sort( manyNumbersWithNA, na.last = TRUE, decreasing = TRUE )
[1] 955 942 900 808 717 624 600 581 319 295 254 233 194 182 157 147 135 129 87 77 NA NA NA
manyNumbersWithNA[1:5]
[1] 194 157 942 581 129
order( manyNumbersWithNA[1:5] )
[1] 5 2 1 4 3
rank( manyNumbersWithNA[1:5] )
[1] 3 2 5 4 1
sort( mixedLetters )
[1] "B" "e" "o" "O" "S" "U" "x" "y" "Y" "z"
manyDuplicates <- sample( 10:15, 10, replace = TRUE )
rank( manyDuplicates )
[1] 5.0 8.5 5.0 10.0 1.5 1.5 5.0 8.5 5.0 5.0
rank( manyDuplicates, ties.method = "min" )
[1] 3 8 3 10 1 1 3 8 3 3
rank( manyDuplicates, ties.method = "random" )
[1] 7 8 5 10 2 1 6 9 4 3
v <- c( -1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1, rnorm( 10 ) )
v
[1] -1.0000000 -0.5000000 0.0000000 0.5000000 1.0000000 0.5207953 2.5394769 1.3623847 1.2349935 1.4918065 1.5235200
[12] -0.5732543 -1.5278983 0.1827449 0.7606266
round( v, 0 )
[1] -1 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 -1 -2 0 1
round( v, 1 )
[1] -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 2.5 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.5 -0.6 -1.5 0.2 0.8
round( v, 2 )
[1] -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 0.52 2.54 1.36 1.23 1.49 1.52 -0.57 -1.53 0.18 0.76
floor( v )
[1] -1 -1 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 -1 -2 0 0
ceiling( v )
[1] -1 0 0 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 0 -1 1 1
heights <- c( Amy = 166, Eve = 170, Bob = 177 )
heights
Amy Eve Bob
166 170 177
names( heights )
[1] "Amy" "Eve" "Bob"
names( heights ) <- c( "AMY", "EVE", "BOB" )
heights
AMY EVE BOB
166 170 177
heights[[ "EVE" ]]
[1] 170
expand_grid( x = c( 1:3, NA ), y = c( "a", "b" ) )
# A tibble: 8 × 2
x y
<int> <chr>
1 1 a
2 1 b
3 2 a
4 2 b
5 3 a
6 3 b
7 NA a
8 NA b
combn( c( "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ), m = 2, simplify = TRUE )
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
[1,] "a" "a" "a" "a" "b" "b" "b" "c" "c" "d"
[2,] "b" "c" "d" "e" "c" "d" "e" "d" "e" "e"
combn( c( "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ), m = 3, simplify = TRUE )
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
[1,] "a" "a" "a" "a" "a" "a" "b" "b" "b" "c"
[2,] "b" "b" "b" "c" "c" "d" "c" "c" "d" "d"
[3,] "c" "d" "e" "d" "e" "e" "d" "e" "e" "e"
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